I. The purposes of operational training
-、操作訓(xùn)練目的
Through operational training students can master the basic operations of ship9 s main engine service systems and be familiar with operational and managing attentive items very well.
通過操作訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)員熟練掌握船舶動カ系統(tǒng)中相關(guān)設(shè)備的基本操作，并了解各系統(tǒng)的維 護管理要點。
?、? The operational contents
二、訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容
(1) The composing of compressed air system and its operations and managements ；(1) 壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理；
(2) The composing of fuel oil system and its operations and managements；(2) 燃油系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理；
(3 ) The composing of lube oil system and its operations and managements ；(3) 滑油系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理；
(4) The composing of cooling water system and its operations and managements.
(4) 冷卻水系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理。
?、? Training equipment
三、訓(xùn)練設(shè)備
Mam engine service systems in automatic room.
自動化機艙船舶動カ系統(tǒng)。
IV. Practical operational processes and managing points四、實操過程及管理要點
Main engine service systems are the basic composing part of propulsion unit, whether main engine service systems run well or not affects ship’s normal working. The basic requirement for main engine service systems is: systems supply regular mediums (oil, water, air and steam) , working parameters can be adjusted and work at permissive range, no leakage appears, in emergency, the stand-by systems should be prepared for. Main engine service systems include compressed air system, fuel oil system, cooling water system, lube oil system and other auxiliary system, such as steam system, bilge water system, ballast water system and fire water system. In here, only the former four systems are introduced.
船舶動カ系統(tǒng)是船舶推進(jìn)裝置的基本組成部分，動カ系統(tǒng)工作的好壞直接影響船舶的正 常營運。對船舶動カ系統(tǒng)的基本要求是:提供合格的工作介質(zhì)（油、水、氣、汽），工作參數(shù)可調(diào) 且工作在允許的范圍內(nèi)，無泄漏現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)急情況下應(yīng)有備用系統(tǒng)。動カ系統(tǒng)包括壓縮空氣系 統(tǒng)、燃油系統(tǒng)、滑油系統(tǒng)、冷卻水系統(tǒng)以及其他補助系統(tǒng)（如蒸汽系統(tǒng)、艙底水系統(tǒng)、壓載水系 統(tǒng)和消防水系統(tǒng)）。這里僅介紹前四個系統(tǒng)。
1. The composing of compressed air system and its operations and managements1. 壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理
(1) The composing of compressed air system(1) 壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)組成
The compressed air system in Automatic room is shown in Appendix 1 fig. 4, it includes air compressor, air bottle, the disposal equipment for compressed air and other accessories, air pipes. Compressed air system7 s function is to supply compressed air to start main engine and as the controllable air recourse and as other’s uses.
如自動化機艙壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)圖（見附錄ー圖4）所示，主要由空壓機、空氣瓶、氣源處理裝置、其他附件和空氣管路組成?？諝庀到y(tǒng)主要用于提供柴油機的起動空氣、控制氣源和其他雜 用氣源。
In this system, there are two sets air compressor which is cooled by fresh water, and they can substitute each other, under the air-pressure relay’s control, air compressor supplies compressed air to two air bottles automatically, air coming from air bottle divides into two paths, one deliveries to cylinder’s start-valve and air distributor to supply air to start the main engine; another is as the control air resource or as other’s uses after being reduced its pressure through the reducing valve and being cleaned through filtering equipment.
本系統(tǒng)中，兩臺水冷式空壓機互為備用,在壓カ繼電器控制下，自動向兩個主空氣瓶補氣?？諝馄砍鰜淼目諝?，一路送至氣缸起動閥和空氣分配器供主機起動使用，另一路經(jīng)減壓閥和濾 清裝置后，可作為控制氣源或雜用氣源。
Another air compressor with fan’s cooling supplies air to control bottle automatically, in general, control systems and instruments that use compressed air are supplied by control bottle, in particular ,they also supplied by reducing equipment from main bottle.
另設(shè)一臺空壓機(風(fēng)冷），自動向控制氣瓶補充空氣，一般情況下，控制系統(tǒng)和儀表用空氣 均由控制氣瓶提供，特殊情況下可由減壓裝置提供。
(2) The operational and managing points
(2) 操作管理要點
The start and stop of air compressor is controlled by the high/low air pressure in the air bottle, in order to make air compressor being used in any condition, several points about management should be attention:
空氣壓縮機的起停是由空氣瓶中空氣壓カ的高低來控制的，因此，為使空壓機隨時都處于 備用狀態(tài)，管理時要特別注意以下幾點：
?、?The oil quality in the crankcase must be inspected at interval. When air compressor works, compressed air inevitably leaks to crankcase, the hot leaking air meets with cold air, then condensed water will gather in the crankcase to cause lube oil’s emulsification and produce fake lube oil level, so lube oil level and oil quality should be inspected regularly, if necessary, renewed lube oil. The oil cup for cylinder must be added oil at interval.
① 定期檢查曲柄箱油位和油質(zhì)。由于空壓機工作時，不可避免地要往曲柄箱中漏氣，漏下 的熱氣遇冷后，會有水積聚在曲柄箱中,使滑油乳化和造成假油位。所以，管理中應(yīng)注意定期檢查油位和油質(zhì)，必要時換新油。往氣缸中注油的油杯也要注意定期加油。
?、?Check up and ensure the cooling condition of air compressor and cooler is normal.
?、?經(jīng)常檢查空壓機和冷卻器的冷卻狀況。
③ Pay attention to listen the sound coming from machine, especially the airflow’s sound during starting and stopping, examine the validity of compressed air-water1 s separator at interval.
?、?注意傾聽運轉(zhuǎn)聲音,特別是起停過程中的氣流聲音，定期檢查氣、水分離器工作的有效性。
?、?Pay attention to look about each meter’s(e. g. pressure meter, thermometer) reading to ensure they are in the permissive range.
?、?注意察看各指示儀表（如壓力表、溫度表）等的讀數(shù)是否處在允許范圍內(nèi)。
?、?Keep the pressure of air bottle above 2. 0 ?2. 5 MPa, regularly discharge waste water from air bottle.
?、?空氣瓶中壓カ保持在2.0 ~2.5 MPa之間，并定期放出瓶中殘水。
?、?Multi-using air valve must open during working and close after finishing using. All valves and pipe’s connections should be sealed very well.
?、?雜用空氣閥等應(yīng)使用時開，用完后關(guān)。所有氣閥與管子接頭應(yīng)密封良好。
?、?Regularly checkout safe valve, pressure control valve and air bottle.
⑦ 定期校驗安全閥、壓力控制閥和空氣瓶。
?、?Regularly clean air filter, pay attention to discharge waste water in filter.
?、?定期清洗空氣濾器，注意泄放濾器中的殘水。
⑨ Regularly maintain air compressor and its control electric circuit.
?、?定期保養(yǎng)、維護空壓機及控制線路等。
2. The composing of fuel oil system and its operations and managements2.燃油系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理
The diagram of fuel oil system is shown in Appendix 1 fig. 3, the system includes fuel oil’s pumping and its storage, fuel oily s cleanness and its purify, fuel oil’ s management and its use.
自動化機艙燃油系統(tǒng)如附錄ー圖3所示，該系統(tǒng)主要包括燃油駁運儲存、燃油凈化處理和燃油系統(tǒng)的管理使用。
(1) The operations of fuel oil’s pumping and its storage(1) 燃油系統(tǒng)的駁運操作
On board, the fuel oil9 s pumping system mainly includes oil tanks, the devices for pumping oil and oil pipes, the operations for pumping oil can be divided into the adding oily s operations and pumping oil between different oil tanks.
在船上，燃油駁運系統(tǒng)主要包括燃油艙柜、燃油駁運設(shè)備和燃油管系，燃油系統(tǒng)的駁運操作可分為加油操作及油柜之間的駁運。
?、?The adding oil’s operation
?、?加油操作：
Before adding, the adding oil’s scheme should be instituted, according to the scheme, relevant valves must be opened correctly and designate somebody to measure and test the oil quality (test water’s content); during adding, the speed of adding oil should be controlled and carry out the operations for changing oil tank according to the adding sequence required in the scheme. At the same time, the scheme and measure for preventing overflow must be ready.
加油前,應(yīng)制定加油方案，依據(jù)方案正確開好各閥門，指定專人進(jìn)行油量測量和油質(zhì)檢驗(試水）；加油中，應(yīng)控制加油速度并根據(jù)加油計劃書內(nèi)要求的油品加裝順序及數(shù)量進(jìn)行換艙操作，同時應(yīng)有防溢油方案和措施。
② The operations of pumping oil between different oil tanks② 駁運：
Oil in barrel can be pumped to gas/heavy oil tank through gas/heavy oil transferring pump. Transferring between different tanks can be carried out through gas/heavy oil transferring pump，different type oil must not be mixed. At the same time, each tank should be assembled overflow glass mirror, overflow oil is collected to overflow tank, at the overflow tank, and high level alarm should be assembled. In order to transfer easily, each tank must be heated to suitable temperature according to different oil quality.
桶裝燃油可分別經(jīng)輕、重油駁運泵至輕重油沉淀柜。各儲存油柜之間的轉(zhuǎn)駁可以利用輕、重駁運泵進(jìn)行，不同油品避免混淆。同時，各沉淀柜應(yīng)設(shè)有溢流管鏡，溢流匯總至溢流 柜，溢流柜高位設(shè)置報警信號。為便于燃油駁運，通常應(yīng)根據(jù)不同油品的性質(zhì)，適當(dāng)對各油艙 柜進(jìn)行加熱。
(2 ) Fuel oil’s cleanness and its purifying(2) 燃油的凈化處理
?、?The methods oi fuel on s cleanness and it’s purifying① 燃油的凈化手段
The system of fuel oil’s cleanness and its purifying includes purifiers, fuel oil tanks and pipes’ net for oil. The cleaning and purifying principle includes cleanness and purifying with heavy mean, cleanness and purifying with filtering mean, cleanness and purifying with separating mean.
燃油凈化系統(tǒng)主要包括分油機、油艙柜和燃油管系。凈化原理包括重力凈化、過濾凈化和離心凈化。
(a) Cleanness and purifying with heavy mean： After heating each oil tank in suitable temperature and settling for some time, heavy separation can carry out owing to the difference of special gravity between oil and water, but this mean is not a good effect because only water and bigger solid particles can settle and separate through this mean, its separating time is too longer, often need to discharge the waste water collecting at the bottom of oil tank.
(a) 重力凈化：對各油艙柜進(jìn)行適度加熱和一定時間的沉淀，利用油水間的密度差可實現(xiàn) 重力分離。但這種分離效果并不好，只能分離水分和較大的固體顆粒，分離時間長，并要經(jīng)常泄放凈油水艙柜中的殘水。
(b) Cleanness and purifying with filtering mean： Filtering separation is important method for fuel oil cleanness and it’s purifying, it is a good character of separating effect, the separating speed is quick, this separating method uses to separate solid particle, but not use to separate water.
(b) 過濾分離：過濾分離是燃油凈化的重要方法，分離效果較好，速度快，主要用于分離固體顆粒，無法分離水分。
(c) Cleanness and purifying with centrifugal separating mean: Centrifugal separation is the main method for fuel oil separation, its effect is very good, but it needs to add purifier and other devices. Purifier is a kind of cleanness equipment which is owned to all ships, the following factors that affect separating effect: separating speed, separating temperature. Engineer must learn about how to use and operate purifier.
(c) 離心分離：離心分離法是燃油分離的主要方法，分離效果好，但需增添分油機等設(shè)備。 分油機是各種船舶必備的一種燃油凈化裝置，影響分油機分離效果的因素有分油速度、分油溫度等。輪機管理人員必須學(xué)會使用和操作分油機。
?、?The devices for cleaning and purifying and their uses② 燃油的凈化設(shè)備及使用
In the automatic room, it has gas/heavy transferring pump, gas/heavy purifier, each is one set. Their function is to separate gas/heavy oil stored in settling tank, and then transfer them to gas/ heavy service tank. It can circulate the oil collecting in service tank. If the oil level of service tank is too high, oil will overflow to gas or heavy settling tank. Except for filters, there have heavy heaters to improve the separating effect, separating temperature is controlled by automatic system, the sludge separating from purifier is delivered to sludge tank.
自動化機艙設(shè)有輕/重油駁運泵，輕/重油分油機各一臺/套。它們能將沉淀柜中的輕油或 重油凈化處理后分別送至輕/重油日用柜，也可將日用柜的油進(jìn)行循環(huán)凈化。輕/重油日用柜 油位過高時，溢流至輕/重油沉淀柜。為提高凈化效果，除設(shè)置各種濾器外，還設(shè)置重油分油機加熱器，分油溫度由分油機控制系統(tǒng)自動控制，分油機的油渣排至油渣柜。
There has low oil level alarm for gas/heavy service tank, the outlet of each tank has quick- closed valve.
輕/重油日用柜設(shè)置低位報警信號，各油柜出口設(shè)置速閉閥。
(3) The managements of fuel oil system
(3) 燃油系統(tǒng)的管理使用
① The uses and measure of fuel oil system① 燃油系統(tǒng)的使用和計量
Gas/heavy oil in service tank crosses the following path to main engine: quick-closed valve, oil booster, mix gear, flow meter, fuel oil circulating pump and fine filter, then returning oil crosses back-valve to diffuse and relief the pressure, then to collecting oil tank, oil coming from collecting oil tank is direct pumped out to the inlet of circulating pump, the flow is measure by flow meter.
輕/重油日用柜的油經(jīng)速閉閥、三通轉(zhuǎn)換閥、燃油粗濾器、增壓泵、均質(zhì)機、流量計、燃油循 環(huán)泵、霧化加熱器、燃油濾器后進(jìn)人主機?；赜徒?jīng)背壓閥緩沖釋壓后送人集油柜，集油柜出來 的燃油直接送入循環(huán)泵入口。流量計可實現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確計量。
The characters about this system:
燃油系統(tǒng)具有如下特點：
(a) Use mixed gear to improve main engine combustion’s performance;(a) 使用均質(zhì)機改善主機燃燒性能；
(b) Use flow meter to measure correctly；(b )使用流量計實現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確計量；
(c) Use viscometer to keep the viscidity constant；(c) 使用黏度計維持黏度恒定；
(d) There have two sets fuel oil booster and they can substitute each other automatically;(d) 設(shè)置兩臺燃油增壓泵，互為備用，自動切換；(e) The system has the automatic alarm equipment for low pressure and high temperature of oil;(e) 系統(tǒng)設(shè)有燃油壓カ低、油溫太高自動報警裝置；(f) Oil using by boiler and generator engine is designed for their self.
(f)鍋爐和副機使用的輕油自成系統(tǒng)。
② The maintenances and managements of fuel oil system② 燃油系統(tǒng)的維護管理
The basic requirement for correct managements of fuel oil system is: Firstly，fuel oil can be pump to the inlet of fuel oil pump smoothly; secondly, the oil which pumps to fuel oil pump should meet the using requirements for engine.
燃油系統(tǒng)正確管理的基本要求是:第一，能夠把燃油通暢無阻地運送到噴油泵人口端;第 ニ，運送到噴油泵人口端的燃油必須符合柴油機的使用要求。
(a) Fuel oil’s adding: While adding oil, the special connection must be used, control the adding speed, take safe measures to prevent oil overflowing and leaking.
(a) 添加燃油:添加燃油使用專用加油接ロ，掌握加油速度，采取安全措施，嚴(yán)防跑、冒、滴 漏油事故。應(yīng)注意不同牌號的油品或同一牌號不同的油品不可混艙，避免出現(xiàn)沉淀。
(b) The selection of fuel oil heating temperature: Heating is a more important work, ship often uses steam to heat fuel oil; heating temperature is different according to different fuel oil viscosity’s requirements. Generally, heating temperature of fuel oil in the storage tank is 15 ~ 20℃, heating temperature of fuel oil in the settling tank is 50 ~70℃, heating temperature of fuel oil in the service tank is 70 ?80℃, heating temperature of atomizer heater is 100 ?150℃, in system all heater use electricity except for atomizer’ s heater.
(b) 燃油加熱溫度的選擇:對燃油進(jìn)行加熱是ー項十分重要的工作。海船上多使用蒸汽 加熱，加熱溫度隨使用黏度要求而異，通常油艙的重油加熱溫度為15 ~20℃，沉淀柜的重油加 熱溫度為50 ~ 70℃，日用柜的重油加熱溫度為70 ~ 80℃，重油霧化加熱溫度為100 ~ 150℃。 燃油系統(tǒng)除燃油霧化加熱器外,均采用電加熱器。
(c) Pay attention to manage the processes of settling, separating and filtering: Regularly discharge waste water collecting in settling and service tank; clean fuel oil filter at interval. Check up the working condition of filter according to the pressure difference between fore and aft of filter. If the pressure difference is over normal value, it indicates that filter is blocked and needs to clean immediately. If no difference or only little pressure difference, it indicates that filter is damaged or assembles in wrong direction and need to dismantle to examine immediately.
(c) 注意沉淀、分離、過濾等凈化環(huán)節(jié)的管理：定期對沉淀油柜和日用油柜進(jìn)行污水釋放，定期清洗燃油濾器。可根據(jù)燃油流經(jīng)濾器前后的壓カ差來判斷濾器的工作情況，若壓力差增大超過正常值，表明濾器已變臟堵塞，需立即清洗；若無壓カ差或壓カ差變小，則表明濾網(wǎng)破損 或濾器芯裝配不對，需立即拆開檢查。
(d) Inspect each tank’s quick-closed valve, oil-level meter and the condition of ventilated pipes： The quick-closed valve’s opening and closing condition should be examined to ensure it is normal and prevent false opening, regularly inspect the remote driver of quick-valve to ensure it is neatly, ventilating pipes are unblocked, oil-level meter’s indication is correct.
(d) 檢查各油柜的速閉閥、油位表、透氣管狀態(tài)：應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查油柜出口的速閉閥開啟狀態(tài) 是否正常，防止假開；定期檢查速閉閥遠(yuǎn)程傳動機構(gòu)是否靈活，透氣管是否暢通，油位表指示是否正常。
?、?The operations of changing oil
③ 燃油系統(tǒng)的換油操作
The operation of changing oil’s principle is to prevent oil temperature serious changing to avoid fuel oil pump’s plunge’s blocking or seizing. Operations of changing oil when entering into harbor (heavy oil to gas oil)：
換油操作的原則是防止油溫的突然變化，以免造成噴油泵的柱塞卡緊或咬死。進(jìn)港換油（重油換輕油）時：
(a) Firstly three-way transferring valve changes to gas oil position, then shut off heavy oil，connect to diesel oil.
(a) 首先應(yīng)將三通轉(zhuǎn)換閥轉(zhuǎn)至“輕油”位置，切斷重油，接進(jìn)柴油。
(b) Close the heating valve of atomizer heater gradually. New oil and original oil is mixing and diluting in the collecting tank. Because of diluting, oil’s viscosity and temperature decreases quickly, at last diesel oil fill into oil pipe, low-pressure transferring pump, atomizer’s heater and returning oil pipe to meet main engine9 s demand.
(b) 逐漸關(guān)閉燃油霧化加熱器加熱閥。在集油柜中使原來的燃料油和新注入的柴油逐步 混合稀釋。由于稀釋，燃油黏度、油溫下降很快，最后燃油管道、低壓燃油輸送泵、燃油霧化加 熱器、回油管等全部充滿柴油，以保證主機機動航行的需要。
Operations of changing oil when leaving harbor:
出港換油（輕油換重油）時：
(a) Firstly heat heavy oil service tank to using state(70 ?80℃)and open steam valve of atomizer heater a little to heat diesel oil up to about 60℃.
(a) 首先必須給重油日用柜加熱至使用狀態(tài)（70 ~ 80℃），同時略微開啟燃油霧化加熱器 使柴油溫度上升至60℃左右；(b) Turn three-way transferring valve to heavy oil position, shut off diesel oil and connect to heavy oil.
(b) 將三通轉(zhuǎn)換閥轉(zhuǎn)至“重油”位置，切斷柴油,接進(jìn)重油；(c) Heat gradually; heating temperature must be up to atomizing temperature before the time of consuming all diesel oil in the oil system.
(c) 逐漸加熱，要在消耗完系統(tǒng)中柴油的時間內(nèi)將燃油加熱至燃油霧化所要求的溫度 (100 ~ 150℃）。
④ Automatic control of fuel oil system
?、?燃油系統(tǒng)的自動控制
Automatic control of fuel oil system includes oil-level’s automatic control, automatic control of oil viscosity, automatic control of oil tank’s temperature, automatically substitution of fuel oil booster, automatic alarm for low oil pressure and automatically cleaning about oil filter. This part is introduced by teacher through practical teaching methods.
燃油系統(tǒng)自動控制包括油柜油位的自動控制、燃油黏度的自動控制、各油艙柜燃油加熱溫 度的自動控制、燃油增壓泵的備用與自動切換、燃油低壓的自動報警、燃油濾器的自動清洗等。這部分內(nèi)容由教師現(xiàn)場介紹。
3. The composing of lube oil system and its operations and managements3.滑油系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理
In automatic room, the lube system is shown in Appendix 1 fig. t. It is composing of lube oil circulating tank, filter, lube oil pump, lube oil cooler, heater, purifier and storage tank. Its task is to supply adequate, good oil quality to the moving parts and lubricate them. System’s function includes lube storing, lube cleaning and lube oil circulating use.
自動化機艙滑油系統(tǒng)如附錄ー圖1所示，主要由滑油循環(huán)柜、濾器、滑油泵、滑油冷卻器、 加熱器、分油機和儲存柜組成。其任務(wù)是供應(yīng)足量的、合乎質(zhì)量要求的滑油，以幫助柴油機運 動部件的潤滑。系統(tǒng)功能包括滑油儲存、滑油凈化和滑油循環(huán)使用。
(1) Lube storing
(1) 滑油的儲存
Oil in bulk can be directly pumped into lube oil storage tank or main engine circulating tank, lube oil storage tank is installed above 3 meter height to ensure lube oil directing into main engine, generator engine, gear case and rocker oil case. Lube oil storage tank has ventilating pipe and dipstick to measure conveniently.
桶裝機油經(jīng)手搖泵可直接駁入滑油儲存柜或主機滑油循環(huán)柜，儲存柜設(shè)置于機艙上部 3m高的位置，保證滑油可直接放人主機、副機、齒輪箱、搖臂油等滑油循環(huán)柜。儲存柜設(shè)有透 氣管和油尺，便于計量。
(2) Lube cleaning
(2) 滑油的凈化
In order to prove excellent oil quality, except that there have all kinds of inlet or outlet filters, purifier needs to use, transferring pump in purifier pump oil from circulating tank to heater, then into purifier, cleaned oil is delivered to circulating tank, that is to realize continuing by-pass separation. Separating temperature is controlled by automatic system through electric heater. In order to improve the separating effect, please pay attention to the following：
為保證工作滑油的良好品質(zhì)，除設(shè)置常規(guī)的各種進(jìn)、出口濾器外，還設(shè)置了分油機ー套，分 油機駁運泵從滑油循環(huán)柜中將滑油抽出，經(jīng)加熱器送人分油機，凈油則送回循環(huán)柜，即實現(xiàn)所 謂的連續(xù)旁通分離。分油溫度由分油機自動控制系統(tǒng)通過電熱器進(jìn)行自動調(diào)節(jié)。為提高分離 效果，應(yīng)注意以下幾點：
?、?In general, separating temperature enacts in 75 ?80℃ ;① 分油溫度一般應(yīng)設(shè)置為75 ~80℃；
?、?Select suitable specific gravity ring;② 應(yīng)選擇合適的比重環(huán)；
?、?Select suitable oil separating capacity；③ 應(yīng)選擇合適的分油量；
?、?Whether using water cleaning or not is decided by using condition.
④ 根據(jù)情況決定是否采用水洗。
(3) Lube oil’s use
(3) 滑油的使用
Through lube oil pump, lube oil is pumped from circulating tank, then across cooler, constant temperature’s automatic adjustable valve and self-cleaning filter to main engine to lubricate. Constant temperature valve keeps lube oil temperature in permissive range, there has two sets lube oil pump and substitute each other automatically. When inlet oil pressure of engine is below 0.2 MPa, the stand-by pump will start automatically. Pe-lubricating pump of gear case is used to provide gear case’s pe-lubrication before engine starts, the lubrication of reducing speed gear case, generator engine, governor of main engine, turbocharger and rocker oil is used closing-circulation through oil case.
滑油泵從滑油循環(huán)柜抽出滑油,經(jīng)冷卻器、恒溫自動調(diào)節(jié)閥和油反沖式自清洗機油濾器后 進(jìn)人主機，對各潤滑部位進(jìn)行潤滑。恒溫閥使滑油溫度控制在一定范圍內(nèi),設(shè)置兩臺滑油泵，互為備用，自動切換。當(dāng)柴油機進(jìn)ロ滑油壓カ低于0.2 MPa時，可自動起動備用泵組。齒輪箱 預(yù)供油泵用以保證減速齒輪箱起動前的預(yù)潤滑，減速齒輪箱、副機、主機調(diào)速器、增壓器和主機 搖臂油供給采用各自獨立的油池構(gòu)成閉式循環(huán)。
In this system, there has high oil temperature alarm and the safe equipment to decrease speed even stop main engine for its low lube pressure.
滑油系統(tǒng)還設(shè)置滑油高溫報警和低壓故障減速直至自動停車安全裝置。
(4) The main points about maintenance and management(4) 維護管理要點
?、?Lube oil pressure and temperature’s adjusting: When engine runs，the lube oil pressure must be adjusted according to instructing-book, in general, it keeps at 0. 15 ~0.4 MPa. Lube oil pressure must higher than cooling water pressure to prevent sea water leaks into lube oil owing to cooler’s leakage. Lube oil pressure’s adjusting can be through by-pass valve to finish. Lube oil temperature must keep between 40 ?55℃ ( medial and high speed engine take the high limitation)， the maximum temperature should not over L ( medial and high speed engine is 70 ?90℃)，the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of cooler is general about 10 ?15℃Lube oil temperature’s adjusting can be through by-pass valve to finish.
?、?滑油壓力和溫度的調(diào)節(jié)。運轉(zhuǎn)中的滑油壓カ應(yīng)按說明書的規(guī)定進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，一般應(yīng)保持 在0.15 ~0.4 MPa。滑油壓カ應(yīng)高于冷卻水壓力，以防冷卻器泄漏時海水漏人滑油中,滑油壓 力可借助滑油泵的旁通閥來調(diào)節(jié)?；蜏囟葢?yīng)保持在40 ~55℃之間（中高速機取上限），最高 溫度不允許超過65℃（中高速機為70 ~90℃），冷卻器進(jìn)、出口的滑油溫差一般為10 ~ 15℃。 滑油溫度一般是通過滑油冷卻器的旁通閥來調(diào)節(jié)的。
?、?Stand-by and warming engine ： While stand/by, lube oil tank should be heat to increase lube oil temperature to 38℃ to be convenient the impurity separating, and prevent sludge settling on the surface of cooler’s pipe. In cold weather pe-heat lube oil may alleviate the load of lube oil pump to be convenient the working of pump. After heating start lube oil pump to let oil circulate in the system to prevent dry-friction while starting.
② 備車暖機。備車時應(yīng)對滑油柜加溫，使滑油溫度提高到38℃左右，以便雜質(zhì)分離并防 止油泥沉積在冷卻器管壁上。冷天預(yù)熱滑油，還可以減輕滑油泵的負(fù)荷,有利于滑油栗的エ 作。加熱后即可開動滑油泵，使滑油在系統(tǒng)中循環(huán)，防止柴油機在起動時出現(xiàn)干摩擦。
?、?Oil level in circulating tank should be often inspected and makeup lube oil to keep adequate oil. While working oil level9 s sudden decreasing possibly cause by oil case shell or pipes’ leakage. Oil level’s sudden increasing possibly cause by water entering into cooling system.
?、?應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查循環(huán)柜油位，及時補充滑油，使之保持足夠的油量。運轉(zhuǎn)中，油位突然降低 可能是油底殼或管系漏泄引起。油位突然升高則可能是冷卻系統(tǒng)中的水漏人所致。
?、?Regularly take oil sample to test and analyze: When take oil sample the recorder should be listed, the recording contents include time of tanking oil sample, address of oil sample, engine power and revolution, lube oil pressure and its temperature, the time between two renewing, type of fuel oil, bearing corrosion and its wear. Alter long and repeating work, the principle of lube oil deterioration can be found, suitable year of using lube oil may be sure.
?、?應(yīng)定期取油樣化驗分析。取樣時要做記錄，記下取樣的時間、取樣地點、柴油機的功率 和轉(zhuǎn)速、滑油壓カ和溫度、從更換新油到取樣時柴油機的運轉(zhuǎn)時間、所用的燃油以及軸承的腐 蝕和磨損等情況。經(jīng)過長期且反復(fù)的工作,就可找出滑油變質(zhì)的規(guī)律，從而正確地確定滑油使 用年限。
?、?Under sail, regularly use purifier to carry out the process of continuing by-pass separation.
?、?在航行中,應(yīng)定期用分油機進(jìn)行連續(xù)旁通分離。
?、?Regularly inspect and clean lube oil cooler.
?、?應(yīng)定期檢查和清洗滑油冷卻器。
4. The composing of cooling water system and its operations and managements4.冷卻水系統(tǒng)的組成和操作管理
In automatic room, cooling water system is shown in Appendix 1 fig. 2. The whole cooling water includes fresh-water cooling system, high-temperature sea water cooling and low-temperature sea water cooling. Fresh-water cooling system is used to cool main engine and generator engine, high-temperature sea water cooling system is used to cool main engine fresh-water cooler, low-temperature sea water cooling system is used to cool main engine lube oil cooler, air cooler, cooler for oil injector, lube oil cooler of gear case, condenser of boiler, air compressor and generator engine fresh-water cooler.
自動化機艙冷卻水系統(tǒng)如附錄ー圖2所示。整個冷卻系統(tǒng)包括淡水冷卻系統(tǒng)、高溫海水 冷卻系統(tǒng)、低溫海水冷卻系統(tǒng)。淡水冷卻系統(tǒng)用于冷卻柴油主機、發(fā)電副機等；高溫海水冷卻 系統(tǒng)用于冷卻主機淡水冷卻器；低溫海水冷卻系統(tǒng)用于冷卻主機滑油冷卻器、主機空氣冷卻 器、主機噴油器冷卻器、減速齒輪箱滑油冷卻器、鍋爐冷凝器、空壓機和副機淡水冷卻器等。對 海/淡水冷卻系統(tǒng)及其操作管理的基本要求是：保證足夠而連續(xù)的冷卻水量、恰當(dāng)?shù)睦鋮s水溫 度和合適的冷卻液體。
(1) The composing of cooling water
(1) 冷卻系統(tǒng)的組成
Fresh-water system: Main engine fresh-water is composing of expansive water case, fresh-water circulating pump and plate-heater, the whole system is as a closing-circulating, through this system, the treatment and test about fresh-water may be carried out. Temperature of fresh-water is controlled by frequency conversion in programmed.
淡水冷卻系統(tǒng):主機淡水冷卻系統(tǒng)由膨脹水箱、主機淡水循環(huán)泵、板式熱交換器構(gòu)成閉式 循環(huán)，可對淡水進(jìn)行化驗和投藥處理。淡水溫度采用計算機變頻控制。
An expansive water case is used by main engine and generator engine, each is consisted in closing circulation, the fresh-water’s temperature of generator is controlled be constant-temperature. The fresh-water can be used to warm up main engine through warming valve before main engine start.
主、副機共用一個膨脹柜，各自相対獨立構(gòu)成閉式循環(huán)。副機淡水溫度采用恒溫控制閥控制，副機淡水可通過暖缸閥用于保證主機起動前的暖缸工作。
High temperature sea water circulating system: High temperature sea water is used to cool mam engine fresh-water cooler, then across cooling water tower return into high-temperature water pond. The capacity of high sea water pump is automatically adjusted by frequency conversion controlled by computer according to fresh-water temperature of main engine. Cooling can be carried out through opening inlet and outlet valve in the water pond.
高溫海水冷卻系統(tǒng)：高溫海水用于冷卻主機淡水冷卻器，并經(jīng)高溫冷卻水塔后返回高溫水 池。高溫海水泵排量由計算機根據(jù)主機淡水溫度實現(xiàn)變頻自動調(diào)節(jié)，還可應(yīng)急開啟高溫水池進(jìn)出水閥進(jìn)行開式冷卻。
Low temperature sea water system ： Low temperature sea water is used to cool air cooler for main engine, main engine lube oil cooler, cooler of reducing gear case, boiler* s condenser, cooler of generator engine and cooler of fuel oil injector, after low temperature cooling water tower, return to pond and consist in closing-circulation.
低溫海水冷卻系統(tǒng)：低溫海水用于冷卻主機空氣冷卻器、主機滑油冷卻器、減速齒輪箱滑 油冷卻器、鍋爐冷凝器、副機淡水冷卻器、主機油頭冷卻器，并經(jīng)低溫海水冷卻塔后,流回冷卻 水池構(gòu)成閉式循環(huán)。
There has a set general pump which is as the stand-by pump for low temperature sea water pump or main engine fresh water pump.
設(shè)置通用泵一臺，作為低溫海水泵和主機淡水泵的備用泵。
(2) Maintenances and managements for cooling system(2) 冷卻系統(tǒng)的維護管理
?、?Adjust to ensure the parameters of cooling system to keep in normal range.
?、?調(diào)整并確保冷卻系統(tǒng)的工作參數(shù)在正常范圍內(nèi)。
(a) The outlet pressure of fresh-water pump must be adjusted in normal working range; generally, fresh-water pressure should be higher than sea water pressure.
(a) 淡水泵出口壓カ應(yīng)調(diào)整在正常工作范圍，通常淡水壓カ髙于海水壓力。
(b) Fresh-water temperature must be adjusted in normal working range; generally the outlet temperature of fresh-water is adjusted to the high limitation.
(b) 淡水溫度調(diào)整在正常工作范圍，一般淡水出水溫度以接近允許上限為宜。
(c) Control and keep temperature constant by using fresh-water frequency conversion system, and saving energy resource.
(c) 利用主機冷卻水變頻控制系統(tǒng)，控制溫度恒定，節(jié)約能源。
(d) Inspect the flow condition of each cylinder (include the flow condition of each return water for expansive case) , if cooling water capacity need to adjust, the outlet valve of fresh-water pump may be adjusted, but slowly adjusting, inlet valve should be opened in full-open position. Each vent in cooler must often be inspected.
(d) 檢查各缸冷卻水的流動情況（包括膨脹水箱各回水管的流動情況），如需調(diào)整冷卻水 流量，應(yīng)調(diào)整淡水泵的出口閥，同時注意調(diào)節(jié)速度，應(yīng)盡量緩慢，淡水泵的進(jìn)口閥應(yīng)始終處于全開位置上。各冷卻器的放氣旋塞應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查。
(e) When cylinder water is fluctuating and adjusts ineffectually, generally it is caused by air in the system. The trouble’s causes should be examined as soon as possible.
(e) 當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)氣缸冷卻水壓波動而調(diào)節(jié)無效時，通常是由于系統(tǒng)中存有氣體造成，應(yīng)盡快查 明原因并消除。
② Regularly check up the variety of expansive case and fresh-water circulating tank. If water level decreases quickly, the trouble’s causes should be examined as soon as possible and settle. When stand/by main engine, warm-valve should be closed and start fresh-water pump to let water circulate in the system for 15-30 minutes, system clear off air, the warm-cylinder temperature is a- bout45T：.
?、?定期檢查膨脹水箱和淡水循環(huán)柜的水位變化。如水位降低過快，應(yīng)迅速查明原因加以 解決。備車時，應(yīng)將暖缸閥關(guān)閉并開動淡水泵，讓淡水在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)循環(huán)15 ~30 min，進(jìn)行冷卻系 統(tǒng)驅(qū)氣，暖缸溫度通常在45℃左右。
③ After stopping main engine, let cooling water continue to circulate in the system for 20 - 30 minutes to decrease cylinder temperature gradually for not only preventing lube oil film evaporating or carbon but also decreasing thermal stress.
?、?停車后,讓冷卻水繼續(xù)在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)循環(huán)20 ~30 min，使氣缸溫度逐漸下降，既可防止缸壁表面的滑油油膜蒸發(fā)或結(jié)炭，又可減少熱應(yīng)力。
?、?Treatments for cooling water: Generally cylinder cooling water must be tested and analyzed, treatments by using medicine should be carried out according to the testing result and cooling treating medicine, the process must meet with relevant technical data.
?、?冷卻水的處理。主機缸套冷卻水通常應(yīng)定期化驗分析,根據(jù)化驗結(jié)果和所使用的冷卻 水處理劑，按有關(guān)技術(shù)資料進(jìn)行投藥處理。
?、?Clean for cooler and filter: The working condition of filter should be checked up according to fore and aft pressure difference of filter, then decide whether filter need to clean or not; clean cooler according to cooling result, at the same time change the zincs in cooler.
?、?冷卻器和濾器的清洗。根據(jù)濾器前后壓差判斷其工作情況并視情清洗濾器;根據(jù)冷卻 器的冷卻效果適時清洗冷卻器，同時更換冷卻器鋅塊。
V. Training requirements
五、訓(xùn)練要求
Students should be finished each kind of operation which is required in the operational contents independently, and master all attentive items of the equipment operations.
在教師的指導(dǎo)下,學(xué)員應(yīng)獨立完成操作內(nèi)容中規(guī)定的各項訓(xùn)練要求，并完全掌握操作時的 各種注意事項。
VI. Reasoning subjects
六、思考題
(1) Combination with practical devices in automatic room, please analyze how to correctly adjust and settle the following problems：
(1) 根據(jù)自動化機艙的實際設(shè)備，請分析并解決如下問題：
(1) The correct settling measures for cylinder cooling water being higher and circulating lube oil temperature being higher.
① 缸套冷卻水溫度過高、系統(tǒng)油油溫過高的正確解決方法；(2) The correct settling measures for cylinder cooling water outlet pressure being lower and circulating lube oil inlet pressure being lower.
?、?缸套冷卻水出機壓カ偏低、系統(tǒng)循環(huán)油進(jìn)機壓力過低的正確解決方法。
(2) Combination with practical devices, please analyze the reasons that the meter of main fresh-water pump’s outlet pressure is seriously fluctuant, please bring forward settling measures.
(2) 結(jié)合實際設(shè)備，請分析主淡水泵出口壓カ表指針出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重波動的可能原因，并提出解 決的措施。
?、? The practical report
七、訓(xùn)練實習(xí)報告
The requirement and format of practical report is compiled in another mode.
實習(xí)報告的要求和格式另行成冊。
