論說文是一種常見的文體，我們平時(shí)接觸到的社論、評論、演說、說理性的小品文、隨筆以及社科類的論著和研究報(bào)告等都屬于論說文。論說文總的特點(diǎn)是邏輯性強(qiáng)，說理性強(qiáng)，語言莊重規(guī)范，但是政論文、演說和小品文之間又各不相同。這里所說的論文翻譯包括了社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域各個(gè)方面的著說。它的目的在于闡述某種觀點(diǎn)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，風(fēng)格莊嚴(yán)，采用很真實(shí)的語體，難詞、長句多。 英譯中 Where neither religion nor philosophy can serve to maintain a healthy spirit and a moral basis for society, a vigorous national patriotism has sometimes served as a substitute. But the empire destroyed patriotism; it was cosmopolitan in its tendencies, and swamped the narrow but very real devotion to the city, which had been the main source of the strength of the earlier republic. Patriotism needs stress and adversity to develop its best features. It almost presupposes that the state has dangerous enemies and aspirations that have yet to be fulfilled. But under the empire the Romans absorbed all their old neighbors and foes; Syrian and Spaniard, Briton and Numidian, were all made Romans of a sort. There was no peril from the external barbarian for two hundred years. The Parthian Empire was slowly dwindling in strength; the Germans had not yet learnt to combine; they might perhaps check an invading army they could be no serious danger to the state. In short, there was no adequate object against which the patriotic impulse could be directed, and it gradually dwindled away into a vague and unfruitful pride. When external matters at last became serious, in the third century after Christ, there is no trace whatever of any sense of national duty among the heterogeneous “Romans” of the day. 當(dāng)宗教和哲學(xué)都無法維系健康的社會精神和道德基礎(chǔ)時(shí)，強(qiáng)烈的愛國主義精神有時(shí)候可以充當(dāng)某種替代品。帝國已經(jīng)摧毀了愛國主義精神；它越來越趨向世界化，從而淹沒了人們對羅馬城狹隘但卻非常真切的熱愛，而這種愛正是共和國先前主要的力量來源。愛國精神需要在壓力和逆境中才能充分發(fā)展。它的先決條件幾乎就是國家面臨著危險(xiǎn)的敵人以及還有未竟的目標(biāo)。但是羅馬人的帝國已經(jīng)把他們以前所有的鄰居和敵人都吸引進(jìn)來了；敘利亞人、西班牙人、不列顛人和努米底亞人都成了羅馬人的一部分。兩百年來，外面的蠻族沒有構(gòu)成什么危險(xiǎn)。帕提亞帝國的實(shí)力正在逐漸削弱；日耳曼人沒有學(xué)會聯(lián)合起來，他們也許會迎擊來犯的軍隊(duì)，但卻無法對羅馬構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重的威脅。一言蔽之，愛國激情缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)哪繕?biāo)引導(dǎo)，逐漸衰退成了一種模糊而無益的自豪感。公元3世紀(jì)，當(dāng)外患嚴(yán)重起來時(shí)，在當(dāng)時(shí)由各種族組成的所謂的“羅馬人”身上已經(jīng)抄不到任何對國家的責(zé)任感了。 This is our hope. This is the faith which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. 這就是我們的希望。我正是懷抱這一信念回到南方的。有了這個(gè)信念,我們就能將絕望的大山劈鑿成一塊希望的石子。有了這個(gè)信念,我們就能把我們國家不和的喧囂變成友愛的美麗樂章。有了這個(gè)信念,我們就能一同工作,一同祈禱,一同斗爭,同去坐牢,一同為自由而戰(zhàn),因?yàn)槲覀冎澜K有一天我們將獲得自由。 中譯英 中華民族不但以刻苦耐勞著稱于世，同時(shí)又是酷愛自由、富于革命傳統(tǒng)的民族。以漢族的歷史為例,可以證明中國人民是不能忍受黑暗勢力的統(tǒng)治的,他們每次都能用革命的手段達(dá)到推翻和改造這種統(tǒng)治的目的。在漢族的數(shù)千年的歷史上，有過大小幾百次的農(nóng)民起義,反抗地主和貴族的黑暗統(tǒng)治。而多數(shù)朝代的更換,都是由于農(nóng)民起義的力量才能得到成功的。中華民族的各族人民都反對外來民族的壓迫。他們贊成平等的聯(lián)合,而不贊成互相壓迫。在中華民族幾千年的歷史中,產(chǎn)生了很多的民族英雄和革命領(lǐng)袖。所以,中華民族又是一個(gè)有光榮的革命傳統(tǒng)和優(yōu)秀的歷史遺產(chǎn)的民族。 The Chinese nation is known throughout the world not only for its industriousness and stamina, but also for its ardent love of freedom and its rich revolutionary traditions. The history of Han people, for instance, demonstrates that the Chinese never submit to tyrannical rule but invariably use revolutionary means to overthrow or change it in the thousands of years of Han history, there have been hundreds of peasant uprisings, great and small, against the dark rule of the landlords and the nobility. And most dynastic changes came about as a result of such peasant uprisings. All the nationalities of China have resisted foreign oppression and have invariably resorted to rebellion to shake it off. They favor a union on the basis of equality but are against the oppression of one nationality by another. During the thousands of years of recorded history, the Chinese nation has given birth to many national heroes and revolutionary leader. Thus the Chinese nation has a glorious revolutionary tradition and a splendid historical heritage. 同志們，朋友們!世界要和平，人民要合作,國家要發(fā)展，社會要進(jìn)步，是時(shí)代的潮流。上個(gè)世紀(jì),人類經(jīng)歷了兩次世界大戰(zhàn)的浩劫，也經(jīng)歷了冷戰(zhàn)對峙的磨難,付出了巨大的代價(jià)。中國人民和各國人民,都不愿看到世界上任何地區(qū)再發(fā)生新的熱戰(zhàn)、冷戰(zhàn)和動亂,都不愿看到任何國家或國家集團(tuán)再推行新的霸權(quán)和強(qiáng)權(quán),都不愿看到南北之間的發(fā)展差距、貧富鴻溝再擴(kuò)大下去。中國人民和各國人民都渴望世界持久和平，渴望過上穩(wěn)定安寧的生活，渴望建立公正合理的國際新秩序,渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)國際關(guān)系的民主化，渴望促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展和共同繁榮，共創(chuàng)人類美好的未來。 Comrades and Friends! The world needs peace. The people want cooperation. Nations aspire for development. Society seeks progress. This is the trend of our times. In the last century, mankind underwent the scourge of two world wars and endured the hardships of the Cold War and confrontation, thus paying a heavy price. The people of China and of all other countries hate to see any new hot war or cold war or turmoil break out in any part of the world, hate to see any country or group of countries pushing hegemonism and power politics and hate to see any further widening of the development gap between North and South or the gap between the rich and the poor. The people of China and the rest of the world all long for a lasting world peace and for a stable and peaceful life. They aspire for a fair and rational new international order and for democracy in international relations. They yearn for common development and prosperity for all and are willing to work together for a better future.
